> more modern protocols (in userspace)

That's really it. The list of things that "need" to be in the kernel is shrinking steadily, and the downsides of having C code running in elevated privilege levels are increasing. None of that is about LLMs at all, except to the extent that it's a notable inflection point in a decades-scale curve.

The future, and we basically all agree, puts complexities like protocol handling and state in daemons and leaves only the hardware, process and I/O management in the kernel.

Basically, Tannenbaum was right about the design but wrong about the schedule and path to get there.

Oh remember playing with that protocol ages ago. Sad.

We are talking about drivers for devices from the last century which nobody even uses anymore. This isn't "shining light" on important pre-existing issues that have been ignored for too long or something, it isn't helping.

The only problem here, if any, is the false sense of confidence given by LLMs to people who have no business touching kernel code.

Red Hat already removes a bunch of modules/drivers from the RHEL kernel that they don't consider enterprise.

Xbox/PS controllers, for example. I believe some old RAID controller and WiFi drivers are removed too. Whatever they don't want to support.

This can be accurately generalized: code is a security issue in and of itself.

You're arguing to pay your taxes instead of spending money on buying politicians.

Linux is actively hostile to out-of-tree drivers. There is no stable driver API, and interfaces change at the drop of a hat. Maintaining an out of tree driver is a constant nightmare where you're always dealing with interfaces changing out from under you.

I wrote and maintained 10GbE drivers for a small company in the 2000s, and just the SHIM file for our driver on Linux to massage over API differences was well over 1000 lines. I think it was close to the same size as the entire driver for one of the BSDs.

> why do they even need to be in kernel

People have been asking this question since Linux was first invented…

There really shouldn't, people don't have to include things in their kernel builds they don't need.

In terms of quantity, definitely yes (a single person managing a swarm of Opusi can already find much more real bugs than a security researcher, hence the rise in reports).

In terms of quality ("are there bugs that professional humans can't see at any budget but LLMs can?") - it's not very clear, because Opus is still worse than a human specialist, but Mythos might be comparable. We'll just have to wait and see what results Project Glasswing gets.

Either way, cybersecurity is going to get real weird real soon, because even slightly-dumb models can have a large effect if they are cheap and fast enough.

EDIT: Mozilla thinks "no" to the second question, by the way: "Encouragingly, we also haven’t seen any bugs that couldn’t have been found by an elite human researcher.", when talking about the 271 vulnerabilities recently found by Mythos. https://blog.mozilla.org/en/firefox/ai-security-zero-day-vul...

My theory is, that a lot of security bugs are low hanging fruit for LLMs in the sense that it is a bit tedious but not that hard pattern matching. (Let's see the free occurs in foo(), so if I trigger bar() after foo() then I have a use after free, that should be possible if I trigger an exception in baz::init().)

Efficiency in finding isn't really the metric to consider. I'm sure a good security person could look at these and find the bugs, but nobody did.

IMHO, if you were to do a manual audit of the Linux kernel, the first thing to do is exclude all the stuff you're never going to run, because why spend time on it?

These scans are looking at everything, because once you set it up, the incremental cost to look at everything is not so bad.

This is going to push lesser used stuff out of the mainline, which sucks for people who were using it, but is better for everyone else.

My experience with these tools is that they generate absolutely enormous amounts of insidiously wrong false positives, and it actually takes a decent amount of skill to work through the 99% which is garbage with any velocity.

Of course some people don't do that, and send all the reports anyway... and then scream from the hilltops about how incredible LLMs are when by sheer luck one happens to be right. Not only is that blatant p-hacking, it's incredibly antisocial.

It's disingenuous marketing speak to say LLMs are "finding" any security holes at all: they find a thousand hypotheticals of which one or two might be real. A broken clock is right twice a day.

"Even for OS kernel code" is doing a lot of work. What you really mean is "legacy C code" and yes, since about 6 months ago these systems have gotten reliable enough that they are basically superhuman at identifying buffer overflows / etc. A remarkable number of these bugs are fixed by adding a (if (length > MAX_BUFFER) {return -1;}), just the classic C footguns. Even as a huge LLM skeptic I am not too too surprised that these systems might be superhuman at finding tedious tricky stuff like this.

At the same time, a lot of these bugs were in places that people weren't looking because it's not actually important. This kernel code had already been a longstanding problem in terms of low-effort bot-driven security reports and nobody had any interest in maintaining it. So this was more LLM-assisted technical management than LLM-assisted security, it finally made a situation uncomfortable enough for the team to do something about it.

Another example: Mythos found a real bug in FreeBSD that occurs when running as an NFS with a public connection. But... who on earth is doing that? I would guess 99.9% of FreeBSD NFS installations are on home LANs. More importantly, Anthropic spent $20,000 to find this bug. Just think in terms of paying a full-time FreeBSD dev for a month and that's what they find: I'd say "ok, looks like FreeBSD has a pretty secure codebase, let's fix that stupid bug, stop wasting our money, and get you on a more exciting project."

I do think anyone who has a legacy open-source C/C++ codebase owes it to their users to run it by Claude/Codex, check your pointers and arrays, make sure everything looks ok. I just wish people were able to discuss it in proper context about other native debugging tools!

> well-trained LLMs are more efficient in finding security holes than all but the best developers out there, even for OS kernel code?

No.

Like everything else an LLM touches, it is prone to slop and hallucinations.

You still need someone who knows what they are doing to review (and preferably manually validate) the findings.

What all this recent hype carefully glosses over is the volume of false-positives. I guarantee you it is > 0 and most likely a fairly large number.

And like most things LLM, the bigger the codebase the more likely the false-positives due to self-imposed context window constraints.

Its all very well these blog posts saying "LLM found this serious bug in Firefox", well yeah but that's only because the security analyst filtered out all the junk (and knew what to ask the LLM in the prompt in the first place).

We are there. This is pretty much the reason why Mythos isn't being released publically.

"More efficient" of course has many axes (cost, energy consumption, manual labor requirement vs cost of human, time, quality, etc.). However, as a long-time reverse engineer and exploit developer who has worked in the field professionally, I would say LLMs are now useful; their utility exceeds that which was previously available. That is, LLM assisted exploit discovery and especially development is faster, more efficient, and ultimately cheaper than non-LLM assisted processes.

What commenters don't seem to understand is that especially CVE spam / bug bounty type vulnerability research has always been an exercise in sifting through useless findings and hallucinations, and LLMs, used well, are great at reducing this burden.

Previously, a lot of "baseline" / bottom tier research consisted of "run fuzzers or pentest tools against a product; if you're a bottom feeder just stuff these vulns all into the submission box, if you're more legit, tediously try to figure out which ones are reachable." LLMs with a test harness do an _amazing_ job at reducing this tedium; in the memory safety space "read across 50 files to figure out if this UAF might be reachable" or in the web space, "follow this unsanitized string variable to see if it can be accessed by the user" are tasks that LLMs with a harness are awesome. The current models are also about 50% there at "make a chain for this CVE," depending on the shape of the CVE (they usually get close given a good test harness).

It seems that the concern with the unreleased models is pretty much that this has advanced once again from where it is today (where you need smart prompting and a good harness) to the LLM giving you exploit chains in exchange for "giv 0day pl0x," and based on my experience, while this has got an element of puffery and classic capitalist goofiness to it ("the model is SO DANGEROUS only our RICHEST CUSTOMERS can have it!"), I believe this is just a small incremental step and entirely believable.

To summarize: "more efficient than all but the best" comes with too many qualifiers, but "are LLMs meaningfully useful in exercising vulnerabilities in OS kernel code," or "is it possible to accelerate vulnerability research and development with LLMs" - 100% absolutely.

And you don't have to believe one random professional (me); this opinion is fairly widespread across the community:

https://sockpuppet.org/blog/2026/03/30/vulnerability-researc...

https://lwn.net/Articles/1065620/

etc.

> They should be separated kernel modules in their own tree.

The main issue with this is that by being on a separate tree they do not benefit from the API breakage updates in the kernel. After all the main benefit that kernel devs mentioned over the years for keeping drivers in the kernel instead of separate trees is that the code gets updated whenever internal APIs change.

I actually use a capture card on PCI but I'm well aware I'm unusual.

*user-mode code.

> They can't maintain the code so they are no longer going to maintain the code.

Yes, I don't see the point of maintaining technical debt just for the sake of it.

The security environment in 2026 is such that legacy unmaintained code is a very real security risk for obscure zero-days to exploit to gain a foot in the door.

Reading through the list I don't see it being an issue for the overwhelming majority of Linux users.

Who, for example, still uses ISDN in 2026 ? Most telcos have stopped all new sales and existing ISDN circuits will be forcefully disconnected within 3–5 years as the telcos complete their FTTP build-outs and the copper network is subsequently decomissioned.

Seems like this should have happened anyways and LLMs just finally forced them to admit it.

It's an interesting form of tree shaking.

The overlap of bugs being found, nobody caring enough to bother read the reports or fix the code, and nobody caring that the modules are pushed out of main seems good.

Maybe attackers would focus on these unused bits for very niche products, but generally no one would waste their time.

In general, drivers make up the largest attack surface in the kernel and many of them are just along for the ride rather than being actively maintained and reviewed by researchers.

and the code is in the training set, so you can trivially[0] ask an LLM to summon it back either from memory or just by asking it to revert the removal commit.

[0] not trivially if you want to validate if it works

LLM being able to find bug doesn't necessarily equate to LLM being able to satisfactorily fix bug. Be happy that the bugs are being uncovered in the first place and brought to the attention of those who are concerned with their resolution.

Performing the charity work of discovering bugs before someone evil uses them to cause damage does not somehow obligate you to perform more charity and fix those bugs.

That's literally advocating for filling the kernel with AI slop.

Not that it's not going to happen; Linus is already a vibe-coder, and several maintainers have fallen for the LLM crap as well.